実験室内での宇宙塵再現が生命起源解明へ新たな道を拓く

Reproducing cosmic dust in the laboratory opens a new path to elucidating the origin of life

Reproducing cosmic dust in the laboratory opens a new path to elucidating the origin of life
宇宙塵を実験室内で再現するという試みは、かつては空想科学の域を出ないものと思われていた

Attempts to recreate space dust in the laboratory were once thought to be nothing more than science fiction.

Attempts to recreate space dust in the laboratory were once thought to be nothing more than science fiction.
しかし、オーストラリア・シドニー大学で材料・プラズマ物理学を専攻するリンダ・ロスルド氏は、まさにこの課題に挑戦し、実際に宇宙塵の生成に成功したのである

However, Linda Rosrud, who majors in materials and plasma physics at the University of Sydney in Australia, took on this challenge and actually succeeded in creating space dust.

However, Linda Rosrud, who majors in materials and plasma physics at the University of Sydney in Australia, took on this challenge and actually succeeded in creating space dust.
彼女の研究成果は、米国天文学会が発行する「アストロフィジカルジャーナル(ApJ)」に発表され、注目を集めている

Her research results were published in the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ) published by the American Astronomical Society and are attracting attention.

Her research results were published in the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ) published by the American Astronomical Society and are attracting attention.
宇宙塵は、宇宙を構成する不可欠な物質であり、星の形成や有機分子の生成など、生命の起源に深く関与している

Cosmic dust is an essential material that makes up the universe, and is deeply involved in the origin of life, including the formation of stars and the production of organic molecules.

Cosmic dust is an essential material that makes up the universe, and is deeply involved in the origin of life, including the formation of stars and the production of organic molecules.
星間空間には無数の宇宙塵が存在し、彗星や隕石の成分としても知られている

There are countless amounts of cosmic dust in interstellar space, and it is also known as a component of comets and meteorites.

There are countless amounts of cosmic dust in interstellar space, and it is also known as a component of comets and meteorites.
しかし、地球上で宇宙塵を直接採取し、詳細に分析することは極めて困難である

However, it is extremely difficult to directly collect space dust on Earth and analyze it in detail.

However, it is extremely difficult to directly collect space dust on Earth and analyze it in detail.
なぜなら、地球に降り注ぐ宇宙由来の粒子の多くは大気圏突入時に燃え尽きてしまい、たとえ隕石として地表に到達した場合でも、その発見と回収は容易ではないからだ

This is because many of the particles originating from space that fall on Earth burn up when they enter the atmosphere, and even if they reach the surface as meteorites, it is not easy to find and recover them.

This is because many of the particles originating from space that fall on Earth burn up when they enter the atmosphere, and even if they reach the surface as meteorites, it is not easy to find and recover them.
こうした背景のもと、ロスルド氏は実験室で宇宙塵を再現することにより、地球生命の起源に迫る新たなアプローチを提案している

Against this background, Mr. Rosrud is proposing a new approach to understanding the origins of life on Earth by recreating cosmic dust in the laboratory.

Against this background, Mr. Rosrud is proposing a new approach to understanding the origins of life on Earth by recreating cosmic dust in the laboratory.
同氏は「生命の起源という大きな謎を解明するためには、その構成要素がいかなる経路をたどってきたのかを明らかにする必要がある」と強調する

He emphasizes, ``In order to solve the great mystery of the origin of life, it is necessary to clarify the paths that its constituent elements have taken.''

He emphasizes, ``In order to solve the great mystery of the origin of life, it is necessary to clarify the paths that its constituent elements have taken.''
すなわち、地球上の炭素がどこで誕生し、どのような経過を経てアミノ酸などの有機分子を形成するに至ったのか、という根本的な問いに向き合っているのである

In other words, we are confronting the fundamental question of where carbon on Earth originates and what processes it undergoes to form organic molecules such as amino acids.

In other words, we are confronting the fundamental question of where carbon on Earth originates and what processes it undergoes to form organic molecules such as amino acids.
アミノ酸は、初期地球において最初に現れた分子の一つであり、生命活動の根幹をなすタンパク質合成などに不可欠である

Amino acids are one of the first molecules that appeared on the early Earth, and are essential for protein synthesis, which is the basis of life activities.

Amino acids are one of the first molecules that appeared on the early Earth, and are essential for protein synthesis, which is the basis of life activities.
しかし、アミノ酸が地球上で自然発生したのか、それとも宇宙からもたらされたのかについては、依然として議論が続いている

However, there is still debate as to whether amino acids occur naturally on Earth or come from space.

However, there is still debate as to whether amino acids occur naturally on Earth or come from space.
ロスルド氏は、宇宙塵を模擬的に生成することが、こうした化学進化の過程を実験的に検証するための有効な手段になると考えている

Losrud believes that creating simulated cosmic dust will be an effective means to experimentally verify the process of chemical evolution.

Losrud believes that creating simulated cosmic dust will be an effective means to experimentally verify the process of chemical evolution.
ロスルド氏とシドニー大学のデービッド・マッケンジー教授は、窒素と二酸化炭素、さらに炭素および水素から成るアセチレンを真空状態のガラス管内に注入し、1万ボルトの電圧を1時間にわたって加えることで「グロー放電」と呼ばれるプラズマ状態を作り出した

Rosrud and Professor David McKenzie of the University of Sydney injected acetylene, which is made up of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, as well as carbon and hydrogen, into a vacuum glass tube and applied a voltage of 10,000 volts over an hour to create a plasma state called a "glow discharge."

Rosrud and Professor David McKenzie of the University of Sydney injected acetylene, which is made up of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, as well as carbon and hydrogen, into a vacuum glass tube and applied a voltage of 10,000 volts over an hour to create a plasma state called a "glow discharge."
この環境下で、気体中の電子が活発に運動し、微粒子が凝集することで、数ミリグラム規模のナノ粒子状の宇宙塵が生成されたのである

In this environment, electrons in the gas actively moved and particles agglomerated, producing nanoparticle-like cosmic dust on the scale of several milligrams.

In this environment, electrons in the gas actively moved and particles agglomerated, producing nanoparticle-like cosmic dust on the scale of several milligrams.
生成された塵はシリコンウェハー上に付着させて分析され、その物理的・化学的特徴が詳細に調査された

The generated dust was deposited on a silicon wafer and analyzed, and its physical and chemical characteristics were investigated in detail.

The generated dust was deposited on a silicon wafer and analyzed, and its physical and chemical characteristics were investigated in detail.
ロスルド氏は、「自然界の複雑さには及ばないものの、巨星や超新星の残骸、あるいは星雲周辺の環境に近い条件を再現することを目指している」と述べている

Rosrud said, ``Although not as complex as the natural world, we aim to recreate conditions close to the environment around giant stars, supernova remnants, or nebulae.''

Rosrud said, ``Although not as complex as the natural world, we aim to recreate conditions close to the environment around giant stars, supernova remnants, or nebulae.''
こうして得られた人工塵は、宇宙塵が形成された直後の状態に非常に近く、地球に到達するまでに経る多様な化学変化を解明する上で貴重な手がかりを提供するという

The artificial dust obtained in this way is very close to the state immediately after cosmic dust is formed, and it will provide valuable clues to elucidate the various chemical changes that space dust undergoes before reaching Earth.

The artificial dust obtained in this way is very close to the state immediately after cosmic dust is formed, and it will provide valuable clues to elucidate the various chemical changes that space dust undergoes before reaching Earth.
今後は、さまざまな条件下で塵を生成し、そのデータベースを構築することが課題となる

The future challenge will be to generate dust under various conditions and build a database of it.

The future challenge will be to generate dust under various conditions and build a database of it.
ロスルド氏は「将来的には、私たちが生成した塵が本物の宇宙塵により近づき、特定の隕石との比較が可能になることを期待している」と語る

Rosrud says, ``In the future, we hope that the dust we produce will be closer to real cosmic dust and that comparisons with certain meteorites will be possible.''

Rosrud says, ``In the future, we hope that the dust we produce will be closer to real cosmic dust and that comparisons with certain meteorites will be possible.''
この研究は、宇宙空間における有機物生成の過程を巧みに再現したものとして、専門家から高く評価されている

This research has been highly praised by experts as a skillful reproduction of the process of organic matter production in outer space.

This research has been highly praised by experts as a skillful reproduction of the process of organic matter production in outer space.
米イエール大学のダマンビール・グレワル氏は、「本研究は、観測と実験の間に存在する大きな隔たりを埋めるものだ」と指摘し、「恒星環境下で複雑な有機物が生成された可能性が高く、これは太陽系のみならず銀河系全体に普遍的に見られる現象であることを示唆している」と述べている

Damanbir Grewal of Yale University points out, ``This study bridges a large gap between observation and experiment,'' adding, ``It is highly likely that complex organic matter was produced in a stellar environment, suggesting that this is a universal phenomenon not only in the solar system but throughout the galaxy.''

Damanbir Grewal of Yale University points out, ``This study bridges a large gap between observation and experiment,'' adding, ``It is highly likely that complex organic matter was produced in a stellar environment, suggesting that this is a universal phenomenon not only in the solar system but throughout the galaxy.''
すなわち、生命に不可欠な化学要素が、銀河系各地の惑星系にも広く存在する可能性が高いという新たな視点をもたらしているのである

In other words, it brings a new perspective that the chemical elements essential to life are likely to exist widely in planetary systems throughout the galaxy.

In other words, it brings a new perspective that the chemical elements essential to life are likely to exist widely in planetary systems throughout the galaxy.